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Abstract

Structural poverty in Indonesia, reflected in the 23.36 million people living in poverty and the stark disparity between rural and urban areas, calls for a reinterpretation of the concept of mustad’afin in Surah An-Nisa [4]: 75. Classical exegesis interprets this verse in a normative-historical manner, positioning the mustad’afin as passive objects to be defended through collective obligations, thereby risking a loss of relevance when applied to contemporary structural poverty. This study analyses the concept of mustad’afin through Farid Esack’s framework of liberation hermeneutics, whilst linking it to Amartya Sen’s concept of capability deprivation to test its relevance to structural poverty in Indonesia. The research employs a qualitative literature review approach with interpretative analysis enriched by thematic analysis, conducted in three stages: an exposition of classical interpretations and the asbabun nuzul, a reinterpretation through Esack’s six hermeneutical keys, and the mapping of the results against the dimensions of capability deprivation. The findings indicate that the linguistic structure of this verse affirms the mustad’afin as active subjects calling for their own liberation, rather than mere objects of compassion, and that the functional affinity between the mustad’afin and capability deprivation lies in their shared rejection of the view that oppression is a natural condition. This research contributes to opening an interdisciplinary conceptual dialogue that bridges the study of exegesis with development economics, whilst emphasising the need for a shift in the religious response to poverty from charitable philanthropy towards structural engagement.

Keywords

Capability Deprivation Liberation Hermeneutics Mustad‘afin Structural Poverty

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Madania, H. N. F. C., Safii, & Farahat, M. F. (2026). Poverty and Oppression from the Perspective of Farid Esack’s Hermeneutics of Liberation: An Analysis of Surah An-Nisa [4]: 75. Al-Fahmu: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 5(2), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.58363/alfahmu.v5i2.1393
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